To definitively check if Google has indexed your pages, the most reliable method is using Google Search Console (GSC). Within GSC, the URL Inspection tool allows you to enter a specific URL and see its current indexing status, including details if there are any issues preventing indexing. Additionally, the Index Coverage report provides an overview of all your submitted and discovered pages, categorized by their indexing status, giving you a broader understanding. A quicker, though less precise, method involves using the site: operator in Google Search (e.g., site:yourdomain.com), which lists pages Google is aware of on your domain. Finally, searching for unique snippets of text from your pages directly in Google can sometimes reveal if they are indexed, but GSC offers the most authoritative insights.